Main Points:
*Metaphorical concepts may keep people from focusing on what is inconsistent with the metaphor.
* EX: in an argument, one may lose track of reason for arguing.
* Battle aspects-lose cooperative aspects.
*"Conduit Metaphor"- "Our language is structured roughly by complex metaphor: Ideas(or meanings) are objects. Linguistic expressions are containers, Communication is sending."(pg.10)
*ideas-objects
*words-containers
*Sends along a conduit-takes ideas out of words.
*EX: I can't get that point across to elena
She can't put what she is trying to say into words.
Insights:
*I agree that single words, phrases, even sentences can mean different things to different people.
* Examples show complexity of metaphors, and the use of them in everyday life.
*By emphasizing the importance of understanding metaphorical concepts, I easily understood that communication and argument- hide part of these concepts.
*Metaphorical Structuring-partial
Questions:
*What does conduit mean?
* What if someone views "objects and containers" differently?
* words-objects ideas-containers
Ch. 4 Orientational Metaphors
Main Points:
* Orientational Metaphor
*organizes all concepts-not to have different meanings or understandings but to connect w/respect from one another.
*Main-spatial orientation
*EX: "Happy is up"
*Based off of physical/social/cultural experience.
* diff. to each person based off of above.
Insights:
*By emphasizing the basis of "orientational metaphors"- it is easier to distinguish the concepts within, and how/why they differ from one another.
*examples, explanations.
*Explaining physical basis-the clarity of different cultures and experiences come into play.
Questions:
*How do they understand how certain metaphors don't fit together if they don't know much about the experimental basis of things?
*How do these metaphors somehow connect?
*Experience.
Ch.5 Metaphor and Cultural Coherence
Main Points:
*"The most fundamental values in a culture will be coherent with the metaphorical structure of the most fundamental concepts in a structure."(22)
*Cultural values mixed w/ consistency of beliefs of what is good, bad, up down..etc.
*With these values brought so strongly throughout each culture, it forms different meanings, processes of metaphors between cultures.
*"UP" might not be considered "better" in other cultures.
*Values not independent; coherent system is created by the concepts we live by. (metaphorically)
Insights:
*The examples given in this section show the overall affect metaphors can have on a culture as a whole-each being viewed differently, or not even applying to them at all, when coming to metaphors.
*By emphasizing the effect culture has on metaphors and how they are shaped, it becomes more evident how cautious metaphors can be, and the basis of what they are.
*Showing how religion effects different views on main metaphors that apply to a culture as a whole, but not a sub-culture- shows how they are processed differently, or eliminated from one's beliefs.
Questions:
*Although a culture can view a metaphor with similarity, these are differences as well, w/o being a subculture. What about individuals, do they apply to this?
Ch.6 Ontological Metaphors
Main Points:
*Ontological metaphors: ways of viewing events activities, emotions, ideas-as entities and substances.
*more than viewing/creating metaphors based off of orientation.
*Experiences as objects/substances makes it easier to pick out details of experiences-viewing them as entities and substances.
*when not tied together, we have broader views.
*By categorizing things as entities, it allows us to "refer to it, quantify it, identify a particular aspect of it, see it as a cause, act with respect to it, and perhaps even believe that we understand it."(26)
*helps one deal rationally with experiences.
Insights:
*By describing metaphors as "objects" they give diff. interpretations of metaphorical examples, showing "what the mind is"(28)-allowing to focus on diff. mental views through experiences.
*Describing the nature of ontological metaphors-more clear how taken as self evident rather than metaphorically.
*Container metaphors-how people view things.
*These kinds of examples made everything more clear.
Ch. 7 Personification
Main Points:
*Personification-type of ontological metaphors.
*physical objects as human/people
*by viewing physical objects as humans, experiences can be related "with nonhuman entities in terms of human motivations, characteristics, and activities."(33)
*Personification, not all the same.
*different for the aspects of people who are picked out for certain metaphors.
Insights:
*Examples shown in this section made it clear that w/ these personification metaphors, we are seeing non human things as human.
*After reading this section it became clear w/ the examples and explanations that although personification is quite general, it "covers a very wide range of metaphors, each picking out different aspects of a person or ways of looking at a person."
Questions:
*Better examples?
Ch.8 Metonymy
Main Points:
*unlike personification, were no humans are really being referred to.
*Using one entity to refer to another in relation to each other-Metonymy
*Metaphor and metonymy have differences.
*metaphor conceives things in terms of another
*metonymy us primary function of a metaphor, must understand it.
Insights:
*Example of Picasso gave better understanding to how metonymic concepts work.
*Explanation of both metaphors/metonymic concepts-give better understanding of similarities and differences.
*Both grounded from experience.
Questions:
*"Symbolic metonymies are critical links between everyday experience and the coherent metaphorical systems that characterize religions and cultures."(40)
* What does this quote mean? Trying to say?
Ch. 9 Challenges to Metaphorical Coherence
Main Points:
*Come from "coherent systems in terms of which we conceptualize our experience."(41)
*People become incoherent with metaphors a lot. Book finds they are not incoherent at all.
*Apparent metaphorical contradiction
*"front to back organization"
*Coherence versus consistency.
*more involved with coherence then consistency.
Insights:
*Section made evident that "metaphorical concepts are defined in terms of concrete images, but in terms of more general/categories, like passing."(45)
*better explains nature of metaphors, how they work and why.
Questions:
*The diagrams, how do they work?
*Does culture effect consistency and coherence of these metaphors?
Ch. 10 Some Further Examples
Main Points:
*Section "Claims" "that metaphors partially structure our everyday concepts and that this structure is reflected in our literal language."(46)
*Gives examples to further prove points.
*Examples w/ a metaphor and lists of ordinary expressions-"special cases of metaphor."(46)
*Literal Expressions
*Idioms
*fit into metaphors/part of everyday life.
Insights:
*Examples give further explanation and support to their beliefs on metaphors.
*Last couple of examples-"speech formulas/fixed-form expressions"-show how much a metaphor functions in our everyday life.
*everything metaphorically structured.
Ch.11 The Partial Nature of Metaphorical Structuring
Main Points:
*There are many metaphors to the concepts.
*Foundation/outer shell-expressions metaphorical concept-part of every day language and theories.
*All examples showed they were to show that "general metaphorical concepts are figurative."(53)
*no expressions are literal, only part is normal.
*Metaphorical concepts/systems
*separate; idiosyncratic metaphorical expressions.
*not used systematically- FOOT of a mountain... Example.
Insights:
*giving examples of "idiosyncratic, unsystematic, and isolated."(55) forms of metaphors helped me better understand the difference between the metaphors that work in a systematic way, and those that don't.
*Explanation of only part metaphorical was better understood with examples and further explanations.
Questions:
*"Theories are buildings", what exactly does this mean? The way they state it is confusing...
*"Phrasal Lexion" what does that mean?
Ch.12 How is Our Conceptual System Grounded?
Main Points:
*"Most of our normal conceptual system is metaphorically structured; that is, most concepts are partially understood in terms of other concepts."(56)
*Grounding of Conceptual System
*lots of examples of concepts "we live by in the most fundamental way."(57)
*Thought relative through gravitational field we live in--based off of spherical being and culture.
*EVERY EXPERIENCE
*systematic correlates-(58)
*Emergent metaphors/emergent concepts.
Insights:
*This section portrayed the importance of experience.
*Physical objects=basis of metonymy.
*"correlations in our experiences between two physical entities."
*Explanation of basic ontological metaphors--brought together by "systematic correlates within our experience."(58)
*Example: Visual Field Container
Questions:
*What exactly are "the domains" of certain experiences?
*Is it okay to conceptualize our experiences or does that mess things up?
*"Is it possible to have equally..."(60)
*does that mean no?
Ch.13 The Grounding of Structural Metaphors
Main Points:
*"structural metaphors provide the richest source of elaboration."(61)
*"allow us to use highly structured and clearly delineated concept to a structure another."(61)
*Talks about stances of arguments using three diff. examples.
*show that how we bring about an argument is formed out of the grounding of our knowledge and experience.(physical combat)
*proves it is through experience/culture
*all examples deal with "cultural grounding" within ones experiences.
Insights:
*By giving the three examples with explanations they use diff examples to portray same message describing the grounding of structural metaphors. Providing diff. examples helped define that, better.
*Comparing structural metaphors to orientational/ontological metaphors, it became evident that they all involved and were "grounded in systematic correlation with in our experience."(61)
Questions:
*What does conception hold? Just knowledge and experience?
*Why use argument as first example? What were they trying to portray?
Metaphors from the week:
*"it's GOOD you are here."-orientational
*"I love you so MORE"-orientational
*"It was hard to get that across to her the other day."-Conduit
*"Don't force me into your ideas."-Conduit
*"Get up!"-orientational
*"Elena has been really down lately."-Orientational
*"The ugly side of her comes out when she does not get her way."-ontological
*"She sees drugs as the solution to her problems."-ontological
*"My fact argues with hers, that drugs are not the solution."-personification
*"The tiredness finally caught up with me."-personification
*"Yeah, she is in tennis."-Metonymy
*"My boyfriend is not pleased with short skirts."-metonymy
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