metaphor chapter by chapter

Chapter 3: Highlighting and Hiding

• Language and concepts are structured by metaphors.
  
• Linguistic expressions are "containers" and communication is "sending". The way we speak about our language (our language about our language) is structured around a metaphor. Ex: "Putting our ideas into words" and "Getting them across"
• People "send" messages with metaphors and then others interpret these messages based on their experiences or backgrounds of understanding these metaphors

Chapter 4: Orientational Metaphors

• Structural metaphors: one concept is metaphorically structured in terms of another
• Orientational metaphors: organize a whole system of concepts in respect to one another (often have a physical basis)
• "unknown is up", "happy is up", "up-down" "in-out", etc.
  

Chapter 5: Metaphor and Cultural Coherence

• Different cultures have different values. "Bigger is always better" may not necessarily be the case in other cultures.
• Our culture seems to be mainly based on a "up and down" metaphor, up is "good", down is "bad"
• Individuals with different beliefs and values have personalized metaphors

Chapter 6: Ontological Metaphors

• People use metaphors when trying to understand their thoughts and their experiences
  
• Ontological metaphors: reflect the kinds of purposes served
• Used to refer, quantify, identify aspects and causes, set goals, and motivate actions
• Some metaphors only have limited range of purpose

Chapter 7: Personification

• Personification uses metaphors that give us the ability to think about things and act towards them
• An extension of an ontological metaphor
• People give human characteristics to objects so they can better understand them. If something is hard to grasp or understand, we give it a characteristic or find some common ground with the object so we can have ways of discussing it

Chapter 8: Metonymy

• Metonymy: figure of speech that consists of the use of the name of one object of concept for that of another to which it is related
  
• ^^^ no clue what the means!
  
• Synecdoche: figure of speech in which part is used for the whole or the whole for a part
• ^^^once again..
• Metonymic concepts are a part of the ordinary. The way we think everyday, talk , act, interact
  

Chapter 9: Inconsistencies in Metaphorical Coherence

• Metaphors/Metyonmies are not out of random. They form a system and strucutre in terms we get by experience.
  
• Time is considered a moving object metaphor
  
• Time is stationary and we move through it

Chapter 10: Further Examples

• Metaphors structure our everyday concepts
  
• We use metaphors everyday, without realizing sometimes
• Simple literal expressions and Idioms
  

Chapter 11: Partial Nature Metaphorical Structuring

• Metaphors are used to describe theories
• Theories are buildings
• Time is money
• You can attach one metaphor to another
  

Chapter 12:How is our Conceptual System Grounded?

• Metaphors are grounded through personal experience and living life
  
• Physical and cultural experience

Chapter 13: The Grounding of Structual Metaphors

• Metaphors in arguments
• Structural metaphors provide the riches source of such elaboration (ex: Rational argument is war)
  
• Labor is a resource and time is a resource

METAPHORS:
I'm dying to go home
Dance like no one is watching
Im dead tired
It's raining cats and dogs
The couple broke up
You just saved me a lot of time
That was a waste of time
Brightest crayon in the box
Dumb as a rock
Get your head in the game
Life is a party
I have too much on my plate right now
I'm hungry as a horse
Life is like a box of chocolates
I have to pee like a racehorse
He was so hot!
Life is a highway