Get off your high horse, lose the chip off your shoulder, a dime a dozen, a leopard can't change his spots, picture is worth a thousand words, piece of cake, slap on the wrist, close but no cigar, an arm and a leg, all greek to me, bite your tongue, have a bone to pick, devil's advocate.
Chapter Summaries:
Chapter 3: Metaphorical Systematicity
Systematicity allows us to comprehend concepts in terms we understand, but doing so hides other aspects of that concept. Words have meanings in themselves that are unrelated to the context or the speaker. But somehow the context still matters..?
Chapter 4: Orientational Metaphors
Metaphorical orientations are not arbitrary and are based off of our physical experiences, which is where people get the impression that good is up and bad is down. Not all metaphors fit together due to different experiences. This kind of reminded me of frame of reference from communications, but I could be wrong.
Chapter 5: Metaphor and Cultural Coherence
Cultural values will be in line with metaphorical structure. Values are dependent but must form relationship with metaphorical concepts followed, but there are often conflicts and in order to explain these conflicts we have to find the different values given to them. This is partly due to subcultures and partly due to personal values. This made next to no sense to me.
Chapter 6: Ontological Metaphors
We identify experiences so we can refer to them, categorize them, group them, and quantify them so we can make reasonable and rational thoughts about them. We impose artificial boundaries to make physical phenomena make sense to us.
Chapter 7: Personification
Personification is an ontological metaphor that gives life-like qualities to an a physical object. This once again allows the mind to put phenomena into terms that the brain can organize and categorize to make rational decisions.
Chapter 8: Metonymy
Basically repeats the entire Personifcation chapter, except for the fact that metonymy uses an object to represent another that is related to it, or "the part stands for the whole". This is used actively in culture, such as with portraits, painting and photography. Metonymic concepts are systematic and we use metonymy to organize and comprehend thoughts and actions. "Metonymic concepts allow us to conceptualize one thing by means of its relation to something else" (39).
Chapter 9: Challenges to Metaphorical Coherence
This chapter seriously irritated me. Basically, everything from chapters 3-8 stands true, HOWEVER there are obvious inconsistencies and exceptions to the metaphorical expressions. Fillmore's examples with time are the easiest way to show that metaphors can contradict each other and can "mix with no ill effect".
Chapter 10: Some Further Examples
This chapter irritated me more than chapter 9. The only examples I liked were "love is war" and "life is a container" because I'm stuck in a quad with feuding room mates and my boyfriend is being salty. Overall it just gave a bunch of metaphors that were categorized into ideas that fit into culture.
Chapter 11: The Partial Nature of Metaphorical Structuring
Honestly, I didn't understand a word of this but from what I tried to comprehend, we use the structure of one thing to describe something else and relate two unrelated things.
Chapter 12: How Is Our Conceptual System Grounded?
This chapter asks the same question I was thinking as I was reading it: Can we directly understand something without it having a metaphorical meaning? And if not, how can we understand anything? The answer is kind of. We conceptualize nonphysical things in term of physical things. Example: Harry is in love. What I don't understand is why you can't just simplify the entire thing and say Harry loves Sally.
Chapter 13: The Grounding of Structural Metaphors
In regards to "Rational Argument is war", we conceptualize the metaphor in terms of physical conflict, which as animals we can understand. Like animals, we fight to get what we want, minus the brutality animals use. In a verbal argument, both sides feel that they have something to win/lose, and something to defend/establish. There are several examples, including "because I'm bigger than you" and "because you're stupid" but the one I think we all wish was there is "because I said so".
This has nothing to do with metaphors, really, but it has to do with animals, like in chapter 13.
Chapter 13:
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